大量的流行病学研究显示低镁膳食与 T2DM 发病风险呈正相关，而增加膳食中镁的摄入量能够降低糖尿病风险。Mg2+是 T2DM 病理机制之一，同时在 T2DM 的治疗过程中也发挥着重要作用。Mg2+参与机体正常的胰岛素分泌和胰岛素抵抗的发生。
研究表明，补充镁剂不仅能改善血糖状态，而且能够提高胰岛素敏感性，减少胰岛素抵抗的发生，同时还能够预防糖尿病并发症的发生。
但是，如何补充镁、剂量多大、补多长时间，却是人们比较关注的问题。笔者调研了近年来研究补充镁剂或高镁膳食与糖尿病的研究性论文，对目前的补镁方法作一总结，以供大家参考和借鉴。
常用镁剂、服用剂量以及服用周期
副反应
关于镁的毒副作用，文献少有报道，未见严重毒副反应如心血管事件或死亡。有临床研究表明，剂量高达 380 mg/天，连续服用 4~12 周，未见任何副反应。总体上来说，最常见的副反应为胃肠道症状，包括：轻度腹痛、腹泻、恶心。
膳食补充
膳食中镁摄入量升高减少 T2DM 风险，改善胰岛素抵抗。
推荐的镁膳食允许量（RDA）为：19-30 岁，男性 400 mg/天，女性 310 mg/天；31 岁以上，男性 420 mg/天，女性 320 mg/天。
富含镁的食物有：深绿色叶类蔬菜、豆类、坚果、全谷类。
参考文献
1. Gommers L M M, Hoenderop J G J, Bindels R J M, et al. Hypomagnesemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Vicious Circle? [J]. Diabetes, 2016, 65(1): 3-13.
2. Rodríguez-Morán M, Mendía LES, Galván GZ, et al. The role of magnesium in type 2 diabetes: a brief based-clinical review [J]. Magnesium Research, 2012, 24(4): 156-162.
3. Song Y, He K, Levitan EB, et al. Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis of randomized double‐blind controlled trials [J]. Diabetic medicine, 2006, 23(10): 1050-1056.
4. Djurhuus MS, Klitgaard NAH, Pedersen KK, et al. Magnesium reduces insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and serum lipid concentrations in type 1 diabetes [J]. Metabolism, 2001, 50(12): 1409-1417.
5. Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mendía LE, Hernández-Ronquillo G, et al. Oral magnesium supplementation improves glycaemic status in subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial [J]. Diabetes & metabolism, 2015, 41(3): 202-207.
6. Guerrero-Romero F, Tamez-Perez HE, González-González G, et al. Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic subjects with insulin resistance. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial [J]. Diabetes & metabolism, 2004, 30(3): 253-258.
7. Mooren FC, Krüger K, Völker K, et al. Oral magnesium supplementation reduces insulin resistance in non‐diabetic subjects–a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized trial [J]. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2011, 13(3): 281-284.
8. Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. Oral Magnesium Supplementation Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects A randomized double-blind controlled trial [J]. Diabetes care, 2003, 26(4): 1147-1152.
9. Paolisso G, Sgambato S, Gambardella A, et al. Daily magnesium supplements improve glucose handling in elderly subjects [J]. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1992, 55(6): 1161-1167.
10. Eibl NL, Kopp HP, Nowak HR, et al. Hypomagnesemia in type II diabetes: effect of a 3-month replacement therapy [J]. Diabetes Care, 1995, 18(2): 188-192.
11. 莫凌菲, 朱本章. 口服补镁对 2 型糖尿病血糖控制影响的荟萃分析 [J]. 国外医学 (医学地理分册), 2007, 3: 011.
12. Wang J, Persuitte G, Olendzki BC, et al. Dietary magnesium intake improves insulin resistance among non-diabetic individuals with metabolic syndrome participating in a dietary trial [J]. Nutrients, 2013, 5(10): 3910-3919.
13. Weng LC, Lee NJ, Yeh WT, et al. Lower intake of magnesium and dietary fiber increases the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Taiwanese [J]. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 2012, 111(11): 651-659.
14. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis [J]. Journal of internal medicine, 2007, 262(2): 208-214.
